Attributes of a cancer vaccine slide 3-1-13

2014-08-29

azim58 - Attributes of a cancer vaccine slide 3-1-13


Attributes of a cancer vaccine slide
"C:\kurt\storage\CIM Research Folder\DR\2013\3-1-13\slides\Attributes of a cancer vaccine slide 3-1-13.pptx"

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Text from slide

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In order to make a cancer vaccine researchers have to decide what to put
in it. A minimal cancer vaccine may contain tumor associated antigens
which are wild-type non-mutated proteins that are often expressed in
tumor cells at high levels. The Rituximab antibody that targets CD20 for
lymphomas and the Herceptin antibody that targets HER-2/neu on breast
cancer target these tumor associated antigens. A cancer vaccine may also
contain tumor specific antigens that are not found in normal cells. These
antigens may be more useful for specifically targeting cancer cells.
Tumor specific antigens can arise from mutations which commonly occur in
tumor cells and often even cause the tumor in the first place. There are
many types of mutations that can occur: point mutations, frameshift
mutations, chromosomal rearrangements which can fuse two genes together
and cause a frameshift mutation, abberant protein modifications such as
too many glycosylations as in the MUC1 antigen, etc. The universality of
the vaccine is also important. There are many mutations in tumor cells
which are very unique to each tumor and would not be observed to be in
common among tumors from different individuals. However,
bioinformaticians have revealed that there are also many mutations which
are recurrent and occur in many different tumors from different
individuals. A cancer vaccine should also prevent immune escape. If the
vaccine is only comprised of one single antigen, some of the tumor cells
may mutate this antigen to avoid immune detection. Therefore, an
effective cancer vaccine will likely require the inclusion of several
different antigens.


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Antibodies can be used therapeutically to treat cancer once it has
developed as evidenced by rituximab against CD20 on B cells to treat
lymphomas as well as leukemias and herceptin against HER2/neu to treat
breast cancers.

What is the difference between a lymphoma and a leukemia?
Lymphomas are closely related to lymphoid leukemias, which also originate
in lymphocytes but typically involve only circulating blood and the bone
marrow (where blood cells are generated in a process termed
haematopoesis) and do not usually form static tumors.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma


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